European Union

Cudzie jazyky » Angličtina

Autor: apfel
Typ práce: Referát
Dátum: 04.11.2008
Jazyk: Angličtina
Rozsah: 860 slov
Počet zobrazení: 8 136
Tlačení: 591
Uložení: 605

European Union
In the aftermath of the Second World War, Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman persuaded six former wartime enemies (Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, France and Germany) to come together. In 1952, the European Coal and Steel Community came into being, connect the heavy industries of these nations. Peace was the guiding principle behind this coalition.

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Greater unity was declared in 1958 when the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community were set up in 1958 by the Treaties of Rome. Since that time, the Community has grown from its six original members, to include Denmark, Ireland and Great Britain in 1973, Greece in 1981, and Spain and Portugal in 1986. The population increased by 18 million with the reunification of Germany in 1990 and finally in 1995 Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the Union. Now has the European Community, since 1993 the European Union, a land area of 3 337 000km², 370 million inhabitants and 15 member counties. In May 2004 the EU will be enlarged of 10 new countries including the Czech Republic. The Union has a system of institutions that work in collaboration with each other, undertaking the principles of safeguarding peace and promoting economic and social progress.

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The Council of the European Union, often called the Council of Ministers, brings together ministers from 15 member states that have responsibility for the area to be discussed – foreign affairs, agriculture, industry, transport and the environment and so on. It enacts European law and joins control over legislation and budget.

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The European Commission consists of 20 members who pledge to serve the Union’s interests, not their national governments´. Most of the Commissioners have served earlier as ministers or MPs. They provide it with political leadership and direction. It’s the largest EU institution, it ensuring legislation and directives adopted by the Council are implemented. It also initiates the proposals and Parliament and can intervene at any point in the legislative process. Finally, it often suggests ways in which the Union should develop.

The European Parliament is a democratic forum for debate with the power of co-decision in important areas. It currently has 626 members who are elected every five years since 1979 and who meet in Strasbourg for a monthly plenary session and in Brussels for committee meetings. It often works in parallel with the council in a legislative capacity and since the Treaty on European Union came into force, it has enjoyed greater influence, by having the power of co-decision in certain areas – European law can’t be enacted without Parliament’s consent, notably regarding the single market and agreements with other counties.

The European Court of Justice together with the Court of First Instance ensures that EU law is observed. It has 15 judges, assisted by nine advocates. Actions may be brought by member states, EU institutions and by individual citizens and companies.

The European Investment Bank is the Union’s financing institution and provides long-term loans for capital investment promoting the Union’s balanced economic development and integration.

A single market is of great importance to all the citizens of the European Union. There have been no customs duties within the Community since 1968, and common rates of duty have been applied to imports from non-member counties. On 1st January 1993 the plan for a single European market came to fruition. Border checks were removed. Only the rare cases are random checks still carried out. It’s now easier for firms to offer their goods and services in other EU countries. The free movement of capital makes it possible to invest money anywhere in the Union. Perhaps the most important innovation is the free movement of persons – Union citizens are entitled to travel reside, study and work wherever they wish in the European Union.

Anyone is entitled to apply for a job and sign a contract of employment in another member states. No one may be discriminated against on grounds of nationality. Pension and health insurance entitlements acquired in another member state are not lost. Union citizens can carry on the occupation in which they have been trained thanks to the mutual recognition of qualifications. The EU helps its citizens to gain experience abroad by means of exchange schemes, such as the educational programme “Socrates”. Travel and shopping has also become easier for Union citizens. They can buy goods for personal use anywhere in the EU and take them back home with them without having to pay more taxes.

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Coupled with the idea of the single market is economic and monetary union. This will manifest itself most visibly for EU citizens with the advent of a European currency, the “euro” at the turn of the century, backed by an independent European central bank. A European currency will make it even easier to travel, live, trade and work in another member state. Other benefits will be no foreign exchange commissions, an end to speculative dealing, increased price transparency aiding competition and the consumer, and a strong international currency. All this will result in renewed growth and competitiveness for business in Europe and thus also foster job creation.

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