Halloween

Cudzie jazyky » Angličtina

Autor: hermina (19)
Typ práce: Ostatné
Dátum: 04.11.2021
Jazyk: Angličtina
Rozsah: 1 408 slov
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Halloween

Halloween was originally called All Hallows' Eve which means the evening before All Saints' Day. "Hallow" is an Old English word for "saint". This was shortened to Hallowe'en and finally to Halloween. Halloween has become a major folk holiday in the US and Canada. "Trick or Treaters" go from door to door and collect candies, apples and other goodies. Halloween is the holiday when the most candy is sold;

The American tradition of "trick-or-treating" probably dates back to the early All Souls' Day parades in England. During the festivities, poor citizens would beg for food and families would give them pastries called "soul cakes" in return for their promise to pray for the family's dead relatives. On Halloween, when it was believed that ghosts came back to the earthly world, people thought that they would encounter ghosts if they left their homes. To avoid being recognized by these ghosts, people would wear masks when they left their homes after dark so that the ghosts would mistake them for fellow spirits. On Halloween, to keep ghosts away from their houses, people would place bowls of food outside their homes to appease the ghosts and prevent them from attempting to enter.

When the Irish immigrants arrived in America, they brought with them the tradition of carving-out turnips (or, sometimes, a potato or rutabaga-kvaka) and placing coals or a small candle inside the hollow. These were then displayed on doorsteps at Halloween to ward off evil spirits. However, the Irish quickly discovered that Jack O'Lanterns were much easier to carve out of the pumpkin which was a fruit native to their newly-adopted home...something of a blessing since turnips where nowhere near as plentiful or easy to find as they had been in Ireland. (The belief behind the Irish tradition of such carving is based upon the myth about a man called "Stingy Jack," whose story may be accessed via the link below.) This practice spread swiftly among the general population in America and was soon an integral tradition of the Halloween festivities. The Jack O'Lantern is quite possibly the most well-known symbol of modern day Halloween.

PUMPKIN CARVING (Jack ´o Lantern)

Cutting tool. A sharp, steak knife is suitable for straight cuts and gentle curves. These saws are also better for cutting small or intricate shapes. Scraper. A kitchen spoon or jar lid makes a good tool for scraping out the seeds. Punch(dierovač). Use a nail or awl (zapichovač) to transfer a paper pattern to the pumpkin. Pattern. Whether you create your own design or use a commercial pattern, it's best to have your design on paper rather than draw it directly on the pumpkin. That way, you can change your design easily without trying to erase marks on the pumpkin. Tape. Use adhesive(lepiacu) tape(pásku) to attach your pattern to the pumpkin. Table covering. To protect your work surface from mess, cover it with newspaper or an old table cloth.

Create a Design

The younger the child, the simpler the design. That's your best guarantee of a happy carving experience. So where can you find designs for your jack-o'-lantern? Your own imagination. Let you kids create their own ideas on paper. To make carving easier for younger kids, the cutouts should be large, simple shapes with plenty of space between them. Although faces are the most beloved patterns for pumpkins, don't limit your thinking! Patterns, shapes, and even letters can be used to create one-of-a-kind treasures. Or consider using stickers, glitter, or paint to add even more decoration to your cutout design.

Cutting the Lid - You'll need to cut an opening to remove the seeds and the soft flesh inside the pumpkin. Traditionally, this is done by cutting a lid on top to provide access to the interior. Cut a six-inch-wide circular opening around the top of the pumpkin using your cutting tool. Use a slow and even sawing motion and light pressure. Keep the tip of the blade pointed toward the center of the pumpkin. This creates a bevel that prevents the lid from falling into the hollowed out pumpkin.

Another approach is to make the opening in the bottom of the pumpkin instead of the top. This makes it easier to light a candle inside the pumpkin, especially if the pumpkin is tall. If you go this route, you'll need a screw driver or butter knife to pry(hľadať) the lid(vrchnák) from the sticky flesh under the thick rind(obal).

Whether you go top or bottom, include a small notch(zárez) in your lid. This will make it easier to replace it with the correct orientation.

Seeding the Pumpkin

For kids who like to make messes, this is the best part of the job! Using a spoon or scraper and your hands, remove all the seeds of slimy flesh from the pumpkin. Scrape(zoškrábať) the inside walls until you reach firm, dry rind. To make carving a large pumpkin easier, scrape the back of the face side to make it about an inch(2,5cm) thick. This is also important if you plan to use gouges to create shapes in the skin. The thinner rind will allow these areas to glow once the pumpkin is lighted.

Step One: Transferring the Pattern.

Use tape to attach your pattern to the pumpkin. This step is easier if you cut away the excess paper around your design. If your pattern is too big or too small for the pumpkin you chose, use a copy machine to enlarge or reduce the pattern size. Once the pattern is in place, use a punch tool to outline each shape. Poke(udieť) the tool along the edge of each shape, spacing the holes about 1/8-inch apart. You don't need to press hard; all you want is a small indentation(zarážka). Remove the pattern enough to check for missed spots. When you are done, remove the pattern completely.

Step Two: Cutting the Shapes

If you are using a steak knife (adults only, please!), gently plunge the blade point through the rind to start your cut. To start a pumpkin saw, use the poker that came with your tool kit to make a hole at the start of the cut. Then insert the pumpkin saw and follow the line of dots around the shape. Let your blade or saw do most of the work. Maintain light pressure and use a gentle sawing motion to cut through the rind. Steady(upevniť) the pumpkin with your free hand, which should be kept well away from the blade. In some cases, it will be easier to make the cuts if you cradle the pumpkin in your lap(lono). Never try to force a knife or saw blade around a tight turn. Instead, remove the tool and start a new cut just as you did the first.

As you finish each shape, gently put it out from the inside. If the cutout refuses to budge(hýbať), check that all of your cuts meet at corners, and that the blade had cut all the way through the rind. In some cases, you may need to gentle pry out the shape with a butter knife.

Step Three: Clean Up the Shapes

For maximum brightness, trim the inside walls of the cutouts so they are straight and even. Also remove stray fibers and strands around the inside edges. Candles. This traditional light provides a gentle flicker that makes your design seem to dance. For smaller pumpkins, choose a tea light. For larger spaces, consider a pillar candle, which offers more stability than a narrow taper. If you are lighting the candle from the top, use a long kitchen match or a butane grill lighter to avoid burns. Battery Lights. Long-lasting battery powered lamps are a safer alternative to candles, especially if you are using your pumpkin indoors. To simulate candlelight, look for units that are programmed to flicker like a real flame.

Keep Your Pumpkin Fresh - Most carved pumpkins will easily last several weeks, especially if the weather is cool. To lengthen the life of your creation, coat the cut surfaces with petroleum(nafta,petrolej,ropa) jelly(želé). If your pumpkin starts to shrivel(uschnut), remove the candle or light and soak(namáčať) the entire pumpkin in water for 10 minutes. This should re-hydrate the pumpkin and extend its life another week or so.

COSTUMES: ghosts, witches, fairy tale characters, heroes, animals, vampires, historical characters, movie/TV characters, food, etc.

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