English speaking countries: UK, USA, Canada, Australia

Cudzie jazyky » Angličtina

Autor: maturanti
Typ práce: Maturita
Dátum: 20.08.2012
Jazyk: Angličtina
Rozsah: 2 230 slov
Počet zobrazení: 49 677
Tlačení: 1 001
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English - speaking countries

1.  The largest countries where English is the official language.
· The UK- history, geography, political and cultural information.
· Australia- unique animals, school on air,  flying doctors…
2.  3-5 towns and places in the UK and Australia.
3.  The USA- history, geography, political and cultural information.
· Canada- the most interesting facts.
4.  3-5 towns and places in the USA.
5.  American way of life- drive-ins, MC Donald’s, consumer society, etc…

The UK

The history of Great Britain
–  The first people to inhabit the British Isles were settlers from Europe. They introduced farming, potery and stone tools. Stonehenge was built by these early inhabitants.
–  Later the territory was invaded by Celtic tribesOne of them was called Britons and the whole island was name Britannia.
–  Then Roman tribes came to the territory. They built a long wall to defend the border between England and Scotland and to protect against enemies.
–  Germanic tribes ( Angles, Saxons, Jutes) came to the territory in the middle of 5-th century. According to Angels the territory was called England.
–  Battle of Hastings change the future of England, when  William Duke of Normandy and his soldiers sailed from France across English Channel to England.  
–  The Hundred Year’s War and the War of Roses belong to the history of England.
–  A turning point in English history was The Tudor Period. One of the best remembered kings are Henry VIII who has 6 wives and he became the head of the English Church and his daughter Elizabeth I.  who became an outstanding Queen of England.
–  The Civil war was a war which result was that England was declared a republic under the name of the Commonwealth with Oliver Cromwell at his head – his official title was Lord Protector.
–  The Victorian Era is called after Queen Victoria, Britain became the strongest power in the world. She was just 118 when she came to the throne and she was good queen and ruled over 60 years. Britain became the greatest: industrial power, colonial, financial and commercial power.
 
The official name is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It consists of 4 states: England ( London), Wales ( Cardiff), Scotland ( Edinburg), Northern Ireland (Belfast). Irish republic is an independent state. The capital is Dublin.
 
The UK lies on British Isles, which are formed of  2 major islandsGB and Ireland and many small islands: Shetland, The Orkneys, Hebrides, The Isle of Anglesey, the isle of Man, The isle of Wight.
 
British Isles are situated to the northwest of Europe.
British Isles are bordered by:

- the Atlantic ocean on the northwest, west and southwest
- the North sea on the East
- The English Channel in the south.

It separates the UK from the continent.
Climate is mild and wet. It’s influenced by the Gulf stream.
 
Population
There live nearly 60 millions inhabitants.
Area is approximately 245 000 km2
 
Surface
GB is divided into 2 regions: Lowlands and Highlands. Lowlands cover southern and eastern part of England. Highlands cover the northern part of England and Scotland. They comprise such mountains like: The Pennines, The Cambrians, The Grampians and others…
 
The highest peak is Ben Nevis ( in Scotland) and Snowdon ( in Wales).
 
Rivers
Longest is the Severn, others:  Themes, Avon
 
Major industries include iron and steel engineering, car production, air craft and shipbuilding, textile, plastics, electronics, chemicals, wool and food processing.
 
Leading mineral source is coal.
 
The chief agricultural products are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, sugar, milk, meat and sugar beat.
 
Political system of the UK
The UK is a constitutional monarchy. The head of the country is a monarchy – at the present it’s the Queen Elizabeth II. In fact, the Queen has no real political power.  The UK is governed by the cabinet. The UK constitution is not written. It’s formed by statue, partly by common law, partly by conventions. The rules of constitution are not codified and can be changed according to Act of Parliament.
The USA

AUSTRALIA

 
Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. The first people there were Abogines. The most densely populated is South-eastern part of the country. The rest of Australia is very thinly populated.
Australia was explored by the British explorer Captain James Cook. At first Australia was used as a prison for british criminals.
 
The official language is English, cars drive on the left and the national game is cricket.
The head of the state is Queen Elizabeth I.
 
There are unique animals such as the kangaroo, the koala and the platypus. They aren’t found anywhere else. There are also poisonous animals eg. some kinds of snakes and spiders. Also there are poisonous jellyfish, sharks and huge saltwater crocodiles.
 
The largest city is Sydney with its famous Harbour Bridge and Opera House. However, Sydney isn’t the capital. The capital is Canberra.
 
Australians live in the south-east corner between Sydney and Melbourne. This is because of the very dry land. There are also some huge farms there with millions of sheep and cattle. There are 9 sheep for every person there. The children who live on these farms can’t go to school, because the nearest town is to far away. They study at home with the School of the air. They talk to their teacher by the radio, telephone, the Internet and webcams…There is  also a flying doctors service. The doctor comes to you by plane.
 
Australia is a rich country. Meat, fruit, vegetables, wool and wine are produced. Gold, silver, iron, copper, coal and diamonds are found there, too.

The USA 

The history of the USA
The first inhabitants of this area were Native Americans Indians. The sources of their livelihood were hunting, fishing and later agriculture.
 
The discovery of America is attributed to Christopher Columbus, an Italian sailor. But the first white men, who had reached the shores of North America, were the Vikings. America recieves its name from an Italian, Amerigo Vespuci, who explored the coast of Brasil. Discovery of America had a great impact on European civilization because corn and potatoes was found there.
 
In 17th century-puritans called Pillgrim fathers came from Britain to the USA, they were not satisfied with the life in Britain and thought and they would find better life there. But at the beginning most  of them died becouse they did not know how to plant crops. Native Americans thought them how to do that and after a year they a good harvest. They made a feast and invated also Native Americans. This feast is cold Thanksgiving day. I tis celebrated until now. But it has different character.

Cotação dólar americano (USD) - Estados Unidos de América
 
Native people became angry when the british government told them to pay taxes. When they put taxes on tea, citiziens of Boston boarded british ships and dumped tea into the Harbour – Boston tea party.In 1774 war of the independence began. In Philadelphia was created American national government on its head was George Washington. They cut political ties with Britain and the Declaration of independence was written by Thomas Jefferson.
 
America joined first and second world war. After  World War I there was a prohibition. Making and selling alcohol was prohibited but many people illegally brought alcohol from Canada and sell it in illegal bars in basement.
 
The time between the two wars is called – the Great Depression. It started when the stock market crashed. It brought down the US economic system. There was a big poverty and hunger. When Roosvelt was selected as president. Recovery started, it ment giving people jobs. But it did not help. It is shown in books of authors.
 
The geography of the United States of America
The USA is made up of 50 states and a federal district (District of Columbia).  The USA is situated in the North America. Lying between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, the United States of America covers a considerable part of North  America and is nearly as large as Europe. 

The neighbors of the USA are:
- Canada - on the north
- Mexico - on the south
- Atlantic Ocean - on the east
- Pacific Ocean - on the west
 
It is the third most populated country in the world, with more than 300 million inhabitants. The most widely spoken language in the United States is English, but in many areas Spanish is spoken.
 
Delaware was the first state that ratified the Constitution of the United States, so it is nicknamed The First State. Alaska is the largest state and has the longest coastline in the US. The most populous state / the state with the most people… is California. Texas is the second largest state by area / size and population / number of people. Florida is nicknamed “the Sunshine State” and is known for the spacecraft launchings from Cape Canaveral.
 
Washington, DC is the capital city. New York City is the largest city by… population / number of people. It is an important centre of… business / finance / art / media. Los Angeles is… famed for films and the famous actors / actresses.
 
The best climate can be found in Hawaii, Florida and California, where are tropical regions. In the northeast is the climate more severe, here are 4 seasons and cold winters. The most extreme arctic climate can be found in Alaska.
 
In the USA there is car industry, electronics, machinery, clothing, Nearly half of the country is a farmaland, but only 21 per cent is arable. The main agriculture products are corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, tabbacco, cattle breeding, fruit and vegetables. The USA is fich in coal coper lead.
 
Society
A lot of population has problems with alcohol, drugs and smoking. The most favourite sports are baseball, american football, basketball and ice hockey. Majority of Americans have problems with overweight, they have lack of physical activity and consume a lot of junk food.
American entertaining industry is influential. The most famous and developed is film and music industry. Cinematography is often connected with Hollywood, which is a district in Los Angeles, California. 
 
Government and politics
The United States is a constitutional republic and representative democracy. The United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history. The major parties are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Democrat Barack Obama is currently the 44th U.S. president.

CANADA

People
Indians and Eskimos were the original inhabitants. The first settlers were the French in the 17th century, who called their colony New France. . English is the motner tongue of the majority of Canadians. 30 % are French Canadians.
Due to the natural and climatic conditions, the density of population is very low. Most people live in the southern part of Canada.
 
Geography
Canada is the second largest country in the world and is situated between the Atlantic, the Pacific and the Arctic Oceans. Canada occupies the northern part of North America (except Alaska).
 
Climate
Canada is one of the coldest countries in the world and most of the inhabited parts of Canada have a continental climate (warm and sunny summers, long and cold winters). On the Pacific coast the climate is milder. In the uninhabited north the winters are very severe = arctic climate.
 
Mountains:
The western part of Canada is mountainous; the Cordilleras and several famous ranges form it, e.g.
The Rocky Mountains
The Mackenzie Mountains
The Melville Hills and others
The highest peak is Mt. Logan (6 050m).

Rivers:
The principal rivers are:
*The Mackenzie  *the St. Lawrence, *the Fraser, *the Yukon, *the Saskatchewan, *the Nelson, *the Colombia.
 
Lakes:

The interior of Canada possesses many lakes:
* Great Slave Lake  *Great Bear Lake  *Lake Winnipeg  *Athabasca .
There are also The Niagara Falls between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie.
Lakes and rivers in the north are ice-covered for a great part of the year.
 
Sports:
For Canada is sport very important. Most important sports are these: curling (it’s related to shuffle board), fishing, football (100% Canadian rules), golf, hockey (NHL is composed from 7 Canadian teams), horse racing, lacrosse (officially Canada’s national sport), skiing (finest skiing areas), snowmobiling (mainly for recreation, major snowmobiling region is Ontario) and hunting (Canada is hunter’s paradise).
 
The system of Government
Canada is a federation of ten provinces (famous are Alberta, Ontario, Quebec-the biggest province and so on)
The capital is Ottawa
The official head of state is Queen Elizabeth II. She is represented in Canada by the General – Governor but the actual head of the executive is the Canadian Prime Minister
-  There is a Federal government for the whole of Canada, and provincial Governments in each of the provinces.
-  The Canadian national symbol is the Maple Leaf, which is the most noticeable in the red and white national flag.
Canada is an independent federation within the Commonwealth.
 
National economy
Currency used in Canada is Canadian dollar.
Canada has mainly coal, metal, oil and gas, machine-buiding and chemical industries which are gighly developed. Other important agricultural items are live-stock production, oats, vegetables, tobacco, leather.

 

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