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Autor: studak
Typ práce: Referát
Dátum: 06.02.2014
Jazyk: Angličtina
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Art and Culture
 
Introduction
In my project I would like to tell you something about one wonderful Jamaican singer. Are you asking who it is? He is a dreadlock black man with huge optimism, permanent smile on his face and someone with the idea to change the whole world. The man, who wanted to heal the humanity from the racism and hatred. And I literally mean to heal the whole world by stab of peaceful reggae music into everyone’s mind. We can see whole his positive energy in his text of songs and also in his quotation: “If you laugh, the whole world will laugh with you. If you cry, you will cry alone.” And I think he was smiling and the whole world was smiling with him.
 
I suppose that everyone knows now of whom I’m talking. Yes, it is the legendary Jamaican singer Bob Marley. I would like to tell you about his life, ideas, hopes and also music style of his songs - reggae.
 
Bob Marley
 
1 His life and career
Robert ,Bob‘ Nesta Marley (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer-songwriter, musician and rhythm guitarist. He was the lead singer for ska, rocksteady and reggae. Marley is credited with helping spread the Rastafari movement to the worldwide audience. He became well known by his reagge song as "I Shot the Sheriff", "No Woman, No Cry", "Could You Be Loved", "Stir It Up", "Jamming", "Redemption Song" and "One Love". The album Legend, released three years after his death, was reggae‘s best-selling album in the world in 1984. It is selling more than 12mil copies worldwide.
 
Norval Marley was a white soldier in the British Army. Jamaican black woman Cedalle Booker, Marley’s mother, sang in the church choir. In 6 February 1945, Robert Nesta (Bob) Marley, the next reggae star, was born to them in Nine Mile, Jamaica. His fahter left him straight after his birthday.
Marley faced questions about his own racial identity throughout his life. Children were laughing at him because he was only an half black man. He once reflected: „I was growing up in the racial prejudices. My father was white and my mother was black. And I was something between them. I don't dip on nobody's side. I don't dip on the black man's side nor the white man's side. The only truth is in God. He created me as black and also white man. I carry a black and white blood in my body.“
 
Marley and his mother moved to the capital city of Jamaica, Kingston. Marley became friend with Nevill ,Bunny‘ Livingston (later known as Bunny Wailer). Marley left school at the age of 14 and started to work. Once he said: „If I was graduated all those schools, I would be a living idiot now.“ He started to make music with Livingston. He said about music: „How can music be so perfect when people make it? The music opens gate to heaven. It takes you to different places. It is beautiful.“ Later he met Peter McIntosh (later known as Peter Tosh). In 1962 they recorded their first two songs "Judge Not" a "One Cup of Coffee". In 1963 Bob Marley, Bunny Livingston, Peter McIntosh and few other friends formed a ska and rocksteady music band called  "The Teenagers".They later changed their name to "The Wailing Rudeboys", then to "The Wailing Wailers" and finally to "The Wailers". Marley became a leader, singer and main songwriter of the group.
 
In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson and moved to USA for a short time.
The Wailers changed their music style from ska to Jamaican reggae music. They revealed their first major album "Catch A Fire" in 1973 and it was selling very well. The next year, the second album "Burnin" was made. Eric Clapton remade the song "I Shot the Sheriff" which became a huge American hit, raising Marley's international profile. The Wailers broke up in 1976 and each of the three main members started their solo careers.
 
Despite the brake-up, Marley, continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers" and produced other albums, for exmaple “Natty Dread“ with the song “No Woman No Cry“. In 1976, Marley went to England to record his albums “Exodus“ and “Kaya“. Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. Under the name Bob Marley and the Wailers eleven albums were released, four live albums and seven studio albums. "Uprising"(1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions.
 
In 1978, Marley perfomed at the political concert in Jamaica – One Love Peace Concert. He wanted to conect two rival political parties. His intention was succesful.
 
 
2 Diagnosis of cancer
Marley injuried his toe during the playing football in Paris (1977). After that, doctors found the tumour. Marley refused the surgery because rastafari believe that the body must be one unit. He said: „Rastafari refuses the amputation. I do not allow taking my body to pieces. He regarded doctors as frauds.
 
Shortly afterwards, he became very ill. The rest of the tour was cancelled and Marley sought treatment at the Bavarian clinic of Josef Issels but it was too late. While flying home from Germany to Jamaica, in acceptance that he was going to die, Marley's vital functions worsened.
 
3 His death
After landing in Miami, Florida, he was taken to the hospital for immediate medical attention. He died at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami on the morning of 11 May 1981, at the age of 36. The spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain caused his death. His final words to his son Ziggy were "Money can't buy life". People from whole Jamaica came to his funeral which was in National Aren in Kingston, 21 May 1981. The music band The Wailers and I-Three sang Merley’s song to his last memory. He was buried near his birthplace, Nine Miles. In the coffin, there were his red guitar Gibson Les Paul, a football, a marihuana’s bud, the ring which he wore every day (Ethiopian prince gave it to him) and the Bible. In April 1981, Bob was declared as a national hero and the day of his death is called as the Day of Sorrow in whole Jamaica. One year ago, he said about death: „I don’t think about it. The whole spirit of rastafari is in the life. The life is Jah’s gift and the death is the way of sin. When a man doesn’t sin, the miracles are happening and he lives forever. And we know that miracles are happening. Eveyone has own guardian angel who leads us. When you do something wrong, the spirit is angry and you can die. People don’t understand God. They don’t understand that the God is Rastafari. They don’t know anything about changes in this world. There is no end. There will not be any end.“ Marley’s music has remained popular many years after his death.  He remains very popular in the whole world, especially in Africa. He was the man who introduced the world to the mystic power of reggae to the world in 1999, Time magazine chose Bob Marley & The Wailers' Exodus as the greatest album of the 20th century. In 2001, he was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
 
4 His personal life
4.1  Family
Bob Marley had a number of children: three with his wife Rita, two adopted from Rita's previous relationships, and several others with different women. The Bob Marley official website acknowledges eleven children.

4.2  Rastafari movement
Bob Marley was a member of the Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. The Rastafari movement or Rasta is a monotheistic, new religious movement that arose in a Christian culture in Jamaica in the 1930s.  The origin of this reliogion is in Africa in Ethiopia. It is not only a religion but also a lifestyle. The major faith for rastafaris is that Heile Selassie is living/alive God for the black race. Selassie was the black Emperor of Ethiopia. He is viewed as the Messiah who will lead the people of Africa and the African diaspora to the freedom. The major symbol of rastafari is their colours – red, green and gold. Red is said to signify the blood of martyrs, green the vegetation and beauty of Ethiopia, and gold the wealth of Africa. Sometimes black colour is used and it signifies colour of Africa.

Marihuana (ganja) is used for spiritual events. Its use is described in the Bible – Psalm 104,14 „...and He gave grass to cattle/livestock and as plant to pepople“ or Exodus 10,11 „...eat every plant on the Earth“. Many rastas eat only I-tal meal. This is natural meal (food) without any chemicals. Therefore Rastafari are vegans or vegetarians as Marley was also a vegetarian. They also prefer natural and vegetal drink. Alcohol, milk and coffee are regarded as artificial products. One from the important symbols is wearing of dreadlock on the rastafaris’ heads. Rastas maintain that locks are supported by Leviticus 21,5: „They shall not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shave off the corner of their beard, nor make any cuttings in the flesh.“

Questions
1)  Who was Bob Marley?
2)  Where was he from?
3)  In which music band did Marley perfom:
a)  The Teenagers
b)  The Waves
c)  The Wailers
d)  The Makers
4)  Which music style is specific for Bob Marley?
5)  What was the sport game which Marley was playing when he injured his toe?
6)  Which of these following things were missing in Marley’s coffin?
  
a)  the guitar Gibson
b)  the ring
c)  a football
d)  a rastafari hat
e)  the Bible
f) a ganja bud
 
7)  How many children did he probably have?
8)  Which of these following colours do not represent Rasta colours?
9)  What was the name of Emperor of Ethiopia or Messiah?
a)  Heile Selly
b)  Heile Selassie
c)  Heily Sell
d)  Heily Sellas

10)  Is smoking of ganja forbidden within Rastafari movement?
 
Answers to Questions
1)  popular reagge singer
2)  from Jamaica
3)  c) The Wailers
4)  reagge style
5)  football
6)  d) a rastafari hat
7)  11
8)  purple and blue
9)  b) Heile Selassie
10)  no, it is not

Conclusion
Slow but fresh rhythm, texts about love, destiny and freedom, all these are reggae. And that’s what I wanted to reveal by this project. Also I wanted to introduce its most popular leader, Bob Marley to you. But he is not only artist of this music style. The world knows lots of other successful reggae singers, but I wanted to show you Bob Marley, the biggest star in this peaceful music.
 
Bob is the singer who introduced reggae, Jamaica, dreadlocks on the rastafaris’ heads and also well-known marihuana which you can find everywhere on Jamaica. Simply, I wanted to tell you about Bob Marley, the legend, who should be known at least to everybody.

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