Slohové žánre z angličtiny na maturitu – príklady a užitočné frázy

Slohové žánre z angličtiny na maturitu – príklady a užitočné frázy

Maturitné písanie z angličtiny najčastejšie preveruje, či vieš:

• trafiť správny žáner (čo od teba zadanie vlastne chce),
• dodržať štýl (formálny × neformálny),
• použiť logickú štruktúru (úvod – jadro – záver),
• použiť primeranú slovnú zásobu a gramatiku (B1/B2 podľa úrovne).

Najbežnejšie žánre, ktoré sa oplatí vedieť na maturitu:

• neformálny e-mail / list
• formálny e-mail / list
• opinion essay (úvahová esej)
• for and against essay (esej za a proti)
• story / narrative (príbeh)
• article / blog post (článok)
• review (recenzia)
• report (správa / hodnotiaca správa)

Nižšie máš podrobné poznámky k jednotlivým žánrom.

Neformálny e-mail / list (informal email / letter)

Používa sa pri písaní kamarátovi, rodine, spolužiakovi.

Typický štýl

• jazyk je uvoľnený, osobný, ale nie úplne chatový
• bežné frázy, môžu sa objaviť aj jednoduché frázy typu By the way…, Guess what…
• vyhni sa skrateninám typu u, cuz, gonna – radšej klasické you, because, going to

Štruktúra

• Oslovenie:
  Hi Tom, / Hello Anna,
• Úvod – poďakovanie, reakcia:
  Thanks for your email.
  It was great to hear from you.
• Jadro – odpoveď na body zo zadania (každý bod aspoň krátky odsek)
• Záver – pozvanie, prianie, návrh:
  Write soon. / Hope to hear from you soon.
• Rozlúčka:
  Best, / Love, / Take care,
  • krstné meno

Užitočné frázy

• I’m really happy that…
• I just wanted to tell you that…
• By the way, have you heard about…?
• Let me know what you think.

Na čo si dať pozor

• dodrž všetky body zadania
• písanie v odsekoch
• udržať neformálny tón – nekombinovať ho s príliš formálnymi frázami typu I am writing to inform you…

Formálny e-mail / list (formal email / letter)

Píšeš ho škole, firme, inštitúcii, učiteľovi, riaditeľovi atď.

Typický štýl

• jazyk je zdvorilý, vecný, formálny
• používa sa skôr plná forma (I am, I would like to)
• nepatria sem emotikony, slang ani skratky typu BTW

Štruktúra

• Oslovenie:
  Dear Sir or Madam, (ak nepoznáš meno)
  Dear Mr Smith, / Dear Ms Brown, (ak poznáš meno)
• Úvod – dôvod písania:
  I am writing to ask for information about…
  I am writing to apply for…
• Jadro – prehľadne v odsekoch

  – žiadosť o info, sťažnosť, odpoveď, prihláška…

• Záver – poďakovanie, očakávanie odpovede:
  Thank you for your time and consideration.
  I look forward to hearing from you.
• Rozlúčka:
  Yours faithfully, (ak nepoznáš meno)
  Yours sincerely, (ak poznáš meno)
  • celé meno

Užitočné frázy

• I would like to inquire about…
• Could you please send me more details about…?
• I am interested in…
• I would be grateful if you could…
• I am writing to complain about…

Na čo si dať pozor

• žiadne slangové výrazy
• dôsledne použiť formálny tón
• skontrolovať pravopis mena, dátumov a adries, ak sú v zadaní

Opinion essay (úvahová esej – vyjadrenie názoru)

Úlohou je vyjadriť vlastný názor na tému a odôvodniť ho.

Štruktúra

• Úvod: predvedenie témy + náznak názoru
  Many people believe that… In my opinion…
• Jadro – 2–3 odseky:

  – argumenty pre tvoj názor

  – môžeš spomenúť aj opačný názor, ale zdôrazníš svoj

• Záver: zhrnutie + jasné zopakovanie názoru

Užitočné spojenia

• Vyjadrenie názoru:
  In my opinion… / I believe that… / I think that…
• Pridávanie argumentov:
  Firstly, secondly, moreover, furthermore, in addition
• Vyjadrenie opačného názoru:
  On the other hand, however, although
• Záver:
  To sum up, / In conclusion, / All things considered,

Na čo si dať pozor

• nehádzať témy len „do jedného bloku“ – vždy píš v odsekoch
• každý odsek by mal mať hlavnú myšlienku
• názov eseje môže byť stručný: Should students wear school uniforms?

For and against essay (esej za a proti)

Tu máš ukázať obidve strany problému – argumenty za aj proti.

Štruktúra

• Úvod: predstavenie témy, bez jasného názoru
• Odsek 1 – argumenty za
• Odsek 2 – argumenty proti
• Záver – zhrnutie + môžeš opatrne naznačiť vlastný názor

Užitočné spojenia

• Pre: One advantage of… is that…
• Proti: On the other hand, the main disadvantage is that…
• Vyvažovanie: Although…, however…, nevertheless…
• Zhrnutie: To sum up, there are both advantages and disadvantages of…

Na čo si dať pozor

• v úvode nepísať hneď svoj názor (ten patrí skôr do opinion essay)
• dbať na vyváženosť – aspoň 2 argumenty za a 2 proti

Story / narrative (príbeh)

Zadanie často začína vetou, ktorú musíš použiť, alebo určuje tému (napr. A surprising holiday).

Typický štýl

• rozprávanie v minulom čase (Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect)
• zameranie na dej a emócie
• môžeš použiť priame reči

Štruktúra

• Úvod – predstavenie postáv, miesta, času:
  It was a cold winter evening when…
• Jadro – problém, zvrat, napätie
• Záver – vyriešenie situácie, pointa, pocit:
  In the end, we were really happy that…

Užitočné frázy

• Začiatky viet:
  Suddenly, / A few minutes later, / The next day, / To my surprise,…
• Emócie:
  I was really excited / scared / disappointed…
• Záver:
  I will never forget that day.

Na čo si dať pozor

• časová logika – nemiešať časy úplne náhodne
• dávať pozor na jasnú pointu – aby príbeh „niekam smeroval“

Article / blog post (článok)

Pôsobí trochu neformálne, má upútať čitateľa, býva na tému voľný čas, cestovanie, rady, skúsenosť…

Typický štýl

• skôr poloneformálny až neformálny
• snažíš sa zaujať – otázky, oslovenie čitateľa, zaujímavý názov

Štruktúra

• Názov – chytľavý:
  The Best Holiday I Have Ever Had
• Úvod – upútanie pozornosti, otázka:
  Have you ever dreamed of visiting…?
• Jadro – hlavné informácie / príbeh / rady, v odsekoch
• Záver – odporúčanie, výzva:
  So, if you are looking for…, this place is perfect for you.

Užitočné frázy

• Oslovenie čitateľa:
  Have you ever…? / Do you like…?
• Odporúčanie:
  I would definitely recommend…

Na čo si dať pozor

• článok by nemal vyzerať ako formálny list – žiadne Dear Sir or Madam
• použiť aspoň 1–2 zaujímavé otázky alebo oslovenia čitateľa

Review (recenzia)

Hodnotíš film, knihu, reštauráciu, hru ap.

Typický štýl

• poloneformálny, môže byť aj trochu osobný (používaš I)
• cieľ: informovať a odporúčať/neodporúčať

Štruktúra

• Názov – s menom diela alebo miesta:
  A Review of “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone”
• Úvod – o čom je recenzia, základné info
• Jadro – stručne obsah / charakteristika + klady a zápory
• Záver – jasné odporúčanie alebo neodporúčanie

Užitočné frázy

• Popis:
  The film is set in… / The main character is…
• Hodnotenie:
  The best thing about the book is…
  On the negative side, …
• Odporúčanie:
  I would highly recommend this film to…
  I would not recommend it because…

Na čo si dať pozor

• neprezraď celý dej (spoiler)
• recenzia musí obsahovať aspoň 1–2 konkrétne dôvody, prečo niečo odporúčaš alebo nie

Report (správa / hodnotiaca správa)

Často formálnejší žáner – napríklad správa pre riaditeľa školy, jazykovú školu, mládežnícku organizáciu.

Typický štýl

• skôr formálny a vecný
• môže používať podnadpisy (Headings)

Štruktúra

• Nadpis (napr. Report on the School Canteen)
• Úvod – komu a prečo píšeš:
  The aim of this report is to…
• 2–3 podnadpisy – napr. Current situation, Problems, Suggestions
• Záver – zhrnutie a odporúčania:
  In conclusion, I would suggest…

Užitočné frázy

• Úvod:
  This report is based on a survey among students…
• Popis stavu:
  Most students are satisfied with…
  However, many of them complain about…
• Návrhy:
  I would recommend improving…
  It would be a good idea to…

Na čo si dať pozor

• zachovať formálnejší jazyk
• používať odseky a podnadpisy – report musí vyzerať prehľadne

Záverečné tipy na maturitné písanie

Plánuj pár minút

• najprv si podčiarkaj kľúčové body zadania
• rýchlo si načrtni, čo pôjde do ktorého odseku

Kontroluj štylistickú úroveň

• neformálny mail ≠ formálny list
• pri eseji sa vyhni príliš hovorovému jazyku

Používaj spojky

• bez spojok text pôsobí „detsky“ – využívaj however, therefore, moreover, although, because, so, first, then, finally…

Na konci skontroluj

• pravopis základných slov (because, people, really, different…)
• časy (hlavne pri príbehu)
• či si odpovedal na všetko, čo bolo v zadaní

Vzorové ukážky – príklady

Neformálny e-mail – vzor

Zadanie (SK):

Napíš e-mail kamarátovi z Anglicka. Poďakuj sa mu za pozvanie na prázdniny, vysvetli, prečo nemôžeš prísť, a navrhni, že sa stretnete inokedy.

Vzorový text (EN):

Hi James,

Thanks a lot for your last email and for inviting me to spend the holidays at your place. It was really kind of you and I was very happy when I read it.

Unfortunately, I can’t come this summer. My parents have already booked a family holiday at the seaside and we are leaving at the end of July. Also, I have to prepare for my school exams, so I won’t have much free time.

However, I really want to see you. Maybe you could visit me in Slovakia in the autumn? We could show you our city, go hiking in the mountains and play some games together. I’m sure we would have a great time.

Let me know what you think about this idea. Hope to hear from you soon.

Take care,
Peter

Formálny e-mail – vzor

Zadanie (SK):

Napíš formálny e-mail jazykovej škole v Londýne. Zaujímaš sa o kurz angličtiny na leto. Spýtaj sa na termíny, cenu a ubytovanie.

Vzorový text (EN):

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to ask for information about your summer English courses in London.

I would like to know what dates the courses start and how long they last. I am interested in an intensive course for intermediate students in July or August. Could you also tell me the exact price of the course and what is included in it?

In addition, I would like to ask about accommodation. Do you offer host family accommodation or a student residence? If so, how much does it cost per week?

Thank you very much for your time and help. I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully,
Martin Novak

Opinion essay – vzor

Zadanie (SK):

Napíš esej na tému: „Teenageri by mali mať obmedzený čas na mobilných telefónoch.“ Vyjadri svoj názor a uveď argumenty.

Vzorový text (EN):

Many people believe that teenagers spend too much time on their mobile phones. In my opinion, it is a good idea to limit the time they can use them every day.

Firstly, when teenagers are on their phones all the time, they often forget about other important things, such as homework, reading or helping at home. If their time on the phone was limited, they would have more time for useful activities.

Secondly, too much time online can be bad for their mental health. Social media often shows a perfect life, which is not real. This can make teenagers feel unhappy or stressed, because they compare themselves to others.

On the other hand, mobile phones are also useful. Teenagers can stay in touch with friends, learn languages or find information for school. However, I still think that some limits are necessary.

To sum up, I believe that limiting the time on mobile phones can help teenagers have a healthier and more balanced life.

For and against essay – vzor

Zadanie (SK):

Napíš esej „za a proti“ na tému: „Malo by sa učiť z domu (online vyučovanie) aj po pandémii?“

Vzorový text (EN):

In recent years, many students have experienced online lessons at home. Some people think that we should continue with this type of learning, while others are against it.

On the one hand, online learning has several advantages. Students do not have to travel to school, so they save time and money. They can also learn in a comfortable environment at home. In addition, modern technology allows teachers to share videos, presentations and other materials very easily.

On the other hand, there are also disadvantages. Many students feel lonely at home and miss their classmates and teachers. It is also more difficult to concentrate when there are many distractions, such as family members or the internet. What is more, not every student has a good computer and a fast internet connection.

To sum up, there are both positive and negative sides to studying from home. In my opinion, online lessons can be a good solution in special situations, but they should not completely replace traditional school.

Story / narrative – vzor

Zadanie (SK):

Napíš príbeh, ktorý sa začína vetou: „It was the first day of my summer job and nothing went as I expected.“

Vzorový text (EN):

It was the first day of my summer job and nothing went as I expected. I had to work in a small café in the centre of town. I woke up late, so I left home without breakfast and nearly missed my bus.

When I finally arrived at the café, my boss was already waiting for me. He looked a bit angry but he only said, “You are just in time.” Then he showed me how to use the coffee machine and how to talk to customers. Everything seemed easy until a big group of tourists came in.

Suddenly, the café was full of people and everyone wanted something different. I was confused and I made a lot of mistakes. I gave one man tea instead of coffee and I forgot to bring the change to another customer. I felt terrible.

However, at the end of the day my boss smiled and said, “You did well for your first day. It will get easier.” I was very tired, but I was also proud of myself. I knew that the next day would already be better.

Article / blog post – vzor

Zadanie (SK):

Napíš článok do školského časopisu o najlepšom dni tvoich prázdnin.

Vzorový text (EN):

The Best Day of My Summer Holiday

Have you ever had a day that you will never forget? Last summer I experienced the best day of my holiday in the High Tatras with my friends.

We woke up very early and took a train to the mountains. The weather was perfect – sunny but not too hot. First, we went on a long hike to a beautiful mountain lake. The water was clear and cold, and the view was amazing. We took a lot of photos and had a small picnic on the grass.

In the afternoon, we decided to try something new – a cable car to the top of the mountain. When we reached the top, we could see the whole valley below us. It was quiet and peaceful, and for a moment we just stood there and enjoyed the view.

In the evening, we returned home tired but very happy. It was a simple day, but it reminded me that the best moments are often spent with good friends in nature.

If you are looking for a great trip, I definitely recommend visiting the mountains in summer.

Review – vzor

Zadanie (SK):

Napíš recenziu na svoj obľúbený film pre školský časopis. Stručne opíš dej, napíš, čo sa ti páči/nepáči, a či ho odporúčaš.

Vzorový text (EN):

A Review of “The Lion King”

“The Lion King” is one of the most popular animated films produced by Disney. It tells the story of Simba, a young lion who is supposed to become the king of the Pride Lands.

At the beginning of the film, Simba is a playful and curious lion cub. However, after a tragic accident, he runs away from home and tries to forget his past. He meets new friends, Timon and Pumbaa, who teach him their carefree lifestyle. Later, Simba must decide whether to return home and fight for his place as a true king.

The animation is colourful and beautiful, and the music is fantastic. The songs stay in your head for a long time and some scenes are very emotional. The only negative point is that some parts may be a bit scary for very young children.

Overall, “The Lion King” is a touching story about courage, friendship and responsibility. I would highly recommend this film to both children and adults.

Report – vzor

Zadanie (SK):

Napíš správu pre riaditeľa školy o školskej jedálni. Zhodnoť jedlo, prostredie, personál a navrhni zlepšenia.

Vzorový text (EN):

Report on the School Canteen

The aim of this report is to describe the current situation in our school canteen and to suggest some improvements.

At the moment, the canteen offers three different meals every day, including a vegetarian option. Most students think that the food is tasty, but some complain that the portions are too small, especially after sports lessons.

The canteen is usually clean and there are enough tables and chairs. However, it is very crowded at lunchtime and students often have to wait in long queues. This is a problem for those who have only a short break.

The staff are friendly and work hard, but there are not enough workers during the busiest time of the day. As a result, students are sometimes served in a hurry and the service is not very efficient.

In conclusion, I would recommend increasing the size of portions slightly, hiring one or two more workers for lunchtime and maybe introducing a system of time slots for different classes. These changes could make the canteen more comfortable and efficient for everyone.